Qubes Drive Not Bootable after removal / reinsertion

It could be a missing EFI Boot entry. Can you boot from an USB drive check the output from

fdisk -l /dev/sda
fdisk -l /dev/sdb
fdisk -l /dev/nvme0n1

?

– one of those is probably the USB stick … but the other could be your Qubes OS drive. If one of your drives looks like:

Device           Start       End   Sectors   Size Type
/dev/nvme0n1p1    2048   1230847   1228800   600M EFI System
/dev/nvme0n1p2 1230848   3327999   2097152     1G Linux filesystem
/dev/nvme0n1p3 3328000 976773119 973445120 464.2G Linux filesystem

and you and do:

mount /dev/nvme0n1p1 /mnt/
ls /mnt/EFI/qubes/grubx64.efi

then you should be able to add an EFI boot entry with:

efibootmgr -c -d /dev/nvme0n1 -p 1 -L "QUBES" -l '\EFI\qubes\grubx64.efi'