Which second-hand system should I buy?

After weeks of reading and studying which second-hand laptop system to buy,
every 2-3 days I have a eureka moment: “This is the one to buy!.”

Then, after reading a new article or forumpost, I go, “Hmm, I hadn’t thought of that,” so I need a different one.

I bought a Lenovo for less than €100, and of course I’m running into insurmountable problems.
And by insurmountable, I mean that I can’t get Qubes 4.2.4 to work 100% as it should because virtualization cannot be enforced due to the lack of the right virtualization capabilities on the system. I had calculated in advance that it probably wouldn’t work well, but for that price, I was willing to tinker around a bit.

The most difficult thing about Qubes is that you have to purchase the hardware system without having too much experience.

I suspect that many laptops are gathering dust from people who enthusiastically started using Qubes but encountered difficult problems, requiring them to consult many documents, and the learning curve was steeper than most had anticipated.
Because Whonix was reasonably adequate and covered the initial needs, so attention to Qubes waned.

Now september 2025, I’m going to ask a question that has surely been asked before, I’ve done the necessary searches on this topic and read up on it.
Time passes and new insights are gained.

I made stacks of notes and ultimately lost track of everything.

I weighed up what exactly I want to achieve and whether I am exaggerating too much.
The phrase “Just because you are paranoid does not mean they are not out to get you” often goes through my mind.
Where is the line, and what is my goal, what do I want to achieve?

I realize that I don’t have a clear answer yet, but I do have some firm guidelines and, above all, “better too much than too little,” according to the wise words of my grandfather, who was talking about the amount of potatoes to peel, by the way.

Long introduction to the question: which second-hand laptop/desktop/tower is fundamentally good?

Looking at virtualization and dear Intel rather than AMD (from what I’ve read)
specific integrated video card
Enough RAM options.
Fast SSD is better than fast CPU, because fast CPU often means extra bumps.

And no doubt I’m forgetting a lot of what I did write down.
As I said, the learning curve is steep and all my specific notes are drowning in piles of notes.

Sometimes I look at those writing blocks that I’ve collected,
full of notes on very important matters, at least in my opinion
And I tear my hair out trying to figure out what to do with them all…
If I ever go crazy, it will be because of these notebooks full of notes,
Some of which are very cryptic, written in a kind of secret language…
Sometimes I look in the mirror and say out loud, “Are you okay, boy?”

A bit exaggerated, but maybe some of you understand me.

Back to the primary question:

which second-hand system is best for me to succeed? Around 500 euros.

Sometimes I feel so stupid on this forum full of smart people.

First of all: Lenovo was the right decision (my meaning) for running Qubes or to answer your topic question.
Question now is: which model did you bought to run in these problems… ?

Speaking from me (and my first steps in Qubes): I successfully “changed” a Microsoft SurfaceBook 2 into a daily “Qubes Runner” just to concede at the end, that “Surface” devices were “made” for Microsoft products (ha ha - logical) and so I finally bought a old Lenovo P50 (i7 / 64GB ram) from some “refurbished material” online reseller.

Later I thought about getting the system a bit lightweighter and quicker and was thinking about an P1 model (also Lenovo, with i9 and 128GB) and run into major problems getting the OS installed there.
Managed it just with the help of someone here, who also runs this model and helped my to change the BIOS settings in the way, the QubesOS installation accept…

I got sucked in by a ‘homewares’ retailer trading under the name of ‘Good Guys’ ironically enough, back in March this year. I was unwell and looking at a long stay in a hospital so I needed a laptop in a hurry. Something I could take with me and use to keep online from a hospital bed if required.

The Asus I first called the shop about was out-of-stock. and so the fellow on the phone suggested a Hewlett-Packard laptop that was about $100 AUD more, It also had all the Vt-I & Vt-D or whatever they call it lately, so I snapped it up and paid by phone and got a friend who was going into town on the weekend to pick it up for me.

Only to find when I got it home and attempted to run a Debian Live USB system that this particular HP laptop has a Media-tek wireless unit and neither Media-Tek nor HP bothered to offer a wireless driver for Linux. Any Linux.

So now, having managed to cure my disease without needing hospitalisation, I am left with a ridiculoiusly cumbersome HP laptop which cannot access the free WiFi at McDonald’s or anywhere else, and I have to plug it into my mobile phone with a USB cable just to access The Internet.

When you buy a new second-hand system, please do yourself a favour and check out whether such things as wireless devices have Linux drivers or you might be very sorry, like me.

I came across a Lenovo Thinkpad E580, and it doesn’t have full virtual support. Apparently, there is a workaround for this, but you can’t make it 100% secure.
However, I can use this laptop for other things, so it wasn’t a waste of money,
and it gave me some insight into the structure of Qubes.

What I understand about Qubes is that older laptops function better than newer ones. Perhaps this is similar to how Linux initially supported older hardware because volunteers were working on it.
It may not apply entirely to Qubes, but something similar…

Perhaps my question cannot be answered.
Like: Here is a top 5 list, work your way down, and you’ll be fine with one of these five.
I think you also have to pay attention to what’s inside.
What chip, what videocard
Is it integrated or not? AMD or Intel etc.
And the sum of all these things makes it a good device to run Qubes on.

I heard somewhere else that the Lenovo ThinkPad P51 is a tried and tested model and, with the right hardware inside, is an excellent Qubes device.

It’s true, you’re very dependent on what hardware is inside.
You almost have to check everything manually and ask the seller what’s inside.

What I encountered was that the seller of the Lenovo Thinkpad E580
Who gave a very basic description of the Lenovo:
'well-functioning laptop with Windows 10, never had any problems’.

didn’t even know how to view the BIOS.
Try explaining to this seller how to access the BIOS on a second-hand sales site by exchanging messages.
And look up certain information for you…
That didn’t work, so I took a chance and bought the device for that small amount of money.