This error remember me some troubleshooting with 4kn drive (aka drive with 4k native sector).
related topic: https://forum.qubes-os.org/t/ext4-vs-btrfs-performance-on-qubes-os-installs/13585
From what I’ve read here, 4kn drive are not yet supported by lvm or only Qubes, I don’t really know.
Is your SSD is a 4kn drive (as opposed to 512e) ?
https://www.startpage.com/do/search?q=ssd+4kn+vs+512e
Could be the reason why Qubes OS doesn’t start ? (It’s a guess, I could be totally wrong here)
The TLDR is to install Qubes OS with Btrfs as filesystem.
You need to do manual partitioning and explicity choose Btrfs in the installation option.