Dom0 Updates Fail After Crash

The Qubes install on my laptop got interrupted (I think it was just a random crash) during an update, and since then dom0 updates have consistently failed. I have tried creating a new update qube for dom0, and even downloading a fresh fedora-35 template to use for the update qube, but I still get the following error:


Updating dom0

Error on updating dom0: Command '['sudo', 'qubesctl', '--dom0-only', '--no-color', 'pkg.upgrade', 'refresh=True']' returned non-zero exit status 1.
[ERROR   ] Command 'systemd-run' failed with return code: 1
[ERROR   ] stderr: Running scope as unit: run-rf858bc3526d74225a01be001b60ae354.scope
Using sys-firewall as UpdateVM to download updates for Dom0; this may take some time...
Running '/usr/lib/qubes/qubes-download-dom0-updates.sh --doit --nogui '--exclude=qubes-template-*' '--quiet' '-y' '--clean' '--action=upgrade'' on sys-firewall
sys-firewall: command failed with code: 1
[ERROR   ] retcode: 1
Error running 'pkg.upgrade': Problem encountered upgrading packages. Additional info follows:

changes:
    ----------
result:
    ----------
    pid:
        249907
    retcode:
        1
    stderr:
        Running scope as unit: run-rf858bc3526d74225a01be001b60ae354.scope
        Using sys-firewall as UpdateVM to download updates for Dom0; this may take some time...
        Running '/usr/lib/qubes/qubes-download-dom0-updates.sh --doit --nogui '--exclude=qubes-template-*' '--quiet' '-y' '--clean' '--action=upgrade'' on sys-firewall
        sys-firewall: command failed with code: 1
    stdout:

Any thoughts on how to fix it? I’m running version 4.1.

In desperation, I ran qubes-dom0-update directly. It looks like everything downloaded correctly, but then I get this message:

The downloaded packages were saved in cache until the next successful transaction.
You can remove cached packages by executing 'dnf clean packages'.
'/usr/lib/qubes/qrexec-client-vm dom0 qubes.ReceiveUpdates /usr/lib/qubes/qfile-agent /var/lib/qubes/dom0-updates/packages/*.rpm' failed with exit code 1!
Fetching updates failed with code 1; press Enter to exit