ThinkPad P16 Gen 3 sys-usb failure

In QubesOS 4.3.0rc2, dom0 is based on fedora 41. That Fedora 42 work fine your device USB ports, means in case Fedora 41 don’t support your hardware out from the box, it likely has patch with such support.

May you check USB ports also with Fedora 41 live cd?