Your message is a little bit old, but it looks like the root cannot be mounted. Normally this is not only a problem of free space, I think.
When you did this:
…did you take a lot of care to shrink the filesystem also, using --resizefs, or by a separate command?
If not, then there could be damage to the root FS of your template.
In any case, maybe you can use Qubes volume revert to go back to the old version, but…
Maybe it is a good idea to do backup of all your VMs first.
Remember, it is possible to clone your template, so you don’t lose it if there is a problem. If the extra size was necessary for compiling (for example), then maybe it is possible to do that in a clone, and only qvm-copy the result to the original template.
qvm-volume seems to only keep the last two snapshots by default, and this includes the failed attempts to start the VM, hence both revisions are in the same state.
I did not resize the filesystem internally before using the lvresize from dom0.
The tool I was using for some reason used both the root and the private filesystem temporarily to store several files, I will do it again with that clone trick but I will also attempt to start over and resize it properly this time.